Thursday 29 December 2016

OUGD601 Practical Content

Sexual Objectification Part 1: What is it?

This is Part 1 of a four-part series on sexual objectification–what it is and how to respond to it.
The phrase “sexual objectification” has been around since the 1970s, but the phenomenon is more rampant than ever in popular culture–and we now know that it causes real harm.
What exactly is it, though? If objectification is the process of representing or treating a person like an object, then sexual objectification is the process of representing or treating a person like a sex object, one that serves another’s sexual pleasure.
How do we know sexual objectification when we see it? Building on the work of Nussbaum and Langton, I’ve devised the Sex Object Test (SOT) to measure the presence of sexual objectification in images. In it, I propose that sexual objectification is present if the answer to any of the following seven questions is “yes”:
1) Does the image show only part(s) of a sexualized person’s body?
Headless women, for example, make it easy to see them as only a body by erasing the individuality communicated through faces, eyes and eye contact:
We achieve the same effect when showing women from behind, which adds another layer of sexual violability. American Apparel seems to be a culprit in this regard:
Covering up a woman’s face works well, too:

2) Does the image present a sexualized person as a stand-in for an object?                                                                                                       
The breasts of the woman in this beer ad, for example, are conflated with the cans:
Likewise the woman in this fashion spread in Details, in which a woman becomes a table upon which things are perched. She is reduced to an inanimate object, a useful tool for the assumed heterosexual male viewer:

3) Does the image show sexualized persons as interchangeable? 
Interchangeability is a common advertising theme that reinforces the idea that women, like objects, are fungible. And like objects, “more is better,” a market sentiment that erases the worth of individual women. The image below, advertising Mercedes-Benz, presents just part of a woman’s body (breasts) as interchangeable and additive:
This image of a set of Victoria’s Secret models, borrowed from a previous Sociological Images post, has a similar effect. Their hair and skin color varies slightly, but they are also presented as all of a kind:
4) Does the image affirm the idea of violating the bodily integrity of a sexualized person who can’t consent?
In this “spec” ad for Pepsi (not endorsed by the company), a boy is being given permission by the lifeguard to “save” an unconscious woman:
Likewise, this ad shows an incapacitated woman in a sexualized position with a male protagonist holding her on a leash. It glamorizes the possibility that he has attacked and subdued her:

5) Does the image suggest that sexual availability is the defining characteristic of the person? 
This American Apparel ad, with the copy “now open,” sends the message that this woman is open for sex. She presumably can be had by anyone.

6) Does the image show a sexualized person as a commodity that can be bought and sold?
By definition, objects can be bought and sold, and some images portray women as everyday commodities. Conflating women with food is a common sub-category. This PETA ad, for example, shows Pamela Anderson’s sexualized body divided into pieces of meat:
And this album cover shows a woman being salted and eaten, along with a platter of chicken:
In the ad below for Red Tape shoes, women are literally for sale and consumption, “served chilled”:

7) Does the image treat a sexualized person’s body as a canvas?
In the two images below, women’s bodies are presented as a particular type of object: a canvas that is marked up or drawn upon.

The damage caused by widespread female objectification in popular culture is not just theoretical.  We now have more than 10 years of research demonstrating that living in an objectifying society is highly toxic for girls and women. I’ll describe that research in Part 2 of this series.

Sexual Objectification Part 2: The Harm.

This is the second part in a series about how girls and women can navigate a culture that treats them like sex objects. (Part 1 can be found here.)
Sexual objectification is nothing new, but this latest era is characterized by greater exposure to advertising and increased sexual explicitness in advertising [PDF], magazinestelevision showsmovies [PDF], video gamesmusic videostelevision news, and “reality” television.
In a culture with widespread sexual objectification, women (especially) tend to view themselves as objects of desire for others. This internalized sexual objectification has been linked to problems with mental health  (clinical depression“habitual body monitoring”), eating disordersbody shameself-worth and life satisfactioncognitive functioningmotor functioningsexual dysfunction [PDF], access to leadership [PDF] and political efficacy [PDF]. Women of all ethnicities internalize objectification, as do men to a far lesser extent.
Beyond the internal effects, sexually objectified women are dehumanized by others and seen as less competent and less worthy of empathy by both men and women.  Furthermore, exposure to images of sexually objectified women causes male viewers to be more tolerant of sexual harassment and rape myths. Add to this the countless hours that some girls/women spend primping to garner heterosexual male attention, and the erasure of middle-aged and elderly women who have little value in a society that places women’s primary value on their sexualized bodies.
Theorists [PDF] have contributed to understanding the harm of objectification culture by pointing out the difference between sexy and sexual. If one thinks of the subject/object dichotomy that dominates Western culture, subjects act and objects are acted upon. Subjects are sexual, while objects are sexy.
Pop culture sells women and girls a hurtful fiction that their value lies in how sexy they appear to others; they learn at a very young age that their sexuality is for others. At the same time, sexuality is stigmatized in women but encouraged in men. We learn that men want and women want-to-be-wanted. The yardstick for women’s value (sexiness) automatically puts them in a subordinate societal position, regardless of how well they otherwise measure up. Perfectly sexy women are perfectly subordinate.
The documentary Miss Representation has received considerable mainstream attention, one indicator that the public is now recognizing the damaging effects of sexual objectification of women.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gkIiV6konY
Widespread sexual objectification in U.S. popular culture creates a toxic environment for girls and women. The next two posts in this series provide ideas for navigating objectification culture in personally and politically meaningful ways.
Photo of Playboy Bunnies via Wikimedia Commons.
Sexual Objectification Part 3: Daily Rituals to Stop.

his is the third installment of a four-part series about how girls and women can navigate a culture that treats them like sex objects. (See Part 1Part 2.)
There are four damaging daily rituals of objectification culture we can immediately stop engaging in to improve our health.
1) Stop seeking random male attention.
Most women were taught that heterosexual male attention is our Holy Grail before we were even conscious of being conscious, and its hard to reject this system of validation. But we must. We give our power away a thousand times a day when we engage in habitual body monitoring so we can be visually pleasing to others. The ways in which we seek attention for our bodies varies by sexuality, race, ethnicity and ability, but the goal too often is to attract the male gaze.
Heterosexual male attention is actually pretty easy to give up, when you think about it. First, we seek it mostly from strangers we will never see again, so it doesn’t mean anything in the grand scheme of life. Who cares what the man in the car next to you thinks of your profile? You’ll probably never see him again. Secondly, men in U.S. culture are raised to objectify women as a matter of course, so an approving gaze doesn’t mean you’re unique or special. Thirdly, male validation through the gaze alone doesn’t provide anything tangible; it’s fleeting and meaningless. Lastly, men are terrible validators of physical appearance, because so many are duped by make-up, hair coloring and styling, surgical alterations,  etc. If I want an objective evaluation of how I look, a heterosexual male stranger is one of the least reliable sources on the subject.
Suggested activity: When a man catcalls you, respond with an extended laugh and declare, “I don’t exist for you!” Be prepared for a verbally violent reaction as you are challenging his power as the Great Validator. Your gazer likely won’t even know why he becomes angry, since he’s simply following the societal script that you’ve interrupted.
2) Stop consuming damaging media.
That includes fashion, “beauty” and celebrity magazines, along with sexist television programs, movies and music. Beauty magazines, in particular, give us very detailed instructions on how to hate ourselves, and most of us feel bad about our bodies immediately after reading. Similar effects are found with television and music video viewing. If we avoid this media, we undercut the $80 billion a year Beauty-Industrial Complex that peddles dissatisfaction to sell products we really don’t need.
Suggested activity: Print out sheets that say something subversive about beauty culture, like “This magazine will make you hate your body,” and stealthily put them in front of beauty magazines at your local supermarket or corner store.
3) Stop playing the tapes.
Many of us girls and women play internal tapes on loop for most of our waking hours, constantly criticizing the way we look and chiding ourselves for not being properly pleasing in what we say and do. Like a smoker taking a drag first thing in the morning, many of us are addicted to this self-hatred, inspecting our bodies first thing as we hop out of bed to see what sleep has done to our waistline. Self-deprecating tapes like these cause my female students to speak up less in class. They cause some women to act stupid when they’re not, in order to appear submissive and therefore less threatening. These tapes are the primary way we sustain our body hatred.
Stopping the body-hatred tapes is no easy task, but keep in mind that we would be highly offended if someone else said the insulting things to us that we say to ourselves. These tapes aren’t constructive, and they don’t change anything in the physical world. They are just a mental drain.
Suggested activity: Sit with your legs sprawled and the fat popping out wherever. Walk with a wide stride and some swagger. Eat in public in a decidedly non-ladylike fashion. Burp and fart without apology. Adjust your breasts when necessary. Unapologetically take up space.
4) Stop competing with other women.
Unwritten rules require us to compete with other women for our own self-esteem. The game is simple: The prize is male attention, which we perceive as finite, so when other girls/women get attention from men we lose. This game causes many of us to reflexively see other women as natural competitors, and we feel bad when we encounter women who garner more male attention than we do. We walk into parties and see where we fit in the “pretty girl pecking order.” We secretly feel happy when our female friends gain weight. We criticize other women’s hair and clothing. We flirt with other women’s boyfriends to get attention, even if we’re not romantically interested in them.
Suggested activity: When you see a woman who triggers competitiveness, practice active love instead. Smile at her. Go out of your way to talk to her. Do whatever you can to dispel the notion that female competition is the natural order. If you see a woman who appears to embrace the male attention game, recognize the pressure that produces this and go out of your way to accept and love her.

Photo of Stop sign via Wikimedia Commons.
Sexual Objectification Part 4: Daily Rituals to Start.

The fourth and last in a series about how girls and women can navigate a culture that treats them like sex objects. (Part 1Part 2Part 3). This post details some daily rituals that women can start doing to interrupt damaging beauty culture scripts.

1) Start enjoying your body as a physical instrument. Girls are raised to view their bodies as a project they have to constantly work on and perfect for the adoration of others, while boys are raised to think of their bodies as tools to master their surroundings. Women need to flip the script and enjoy our bodies as the physical marvels they are. We should be thinking of our bodies as vehicles that move us through the world; as sites of physical power; as the physical extension of our being in the world. We should be climbing things, leaping over things, pushing and pulling things, shaking things, dancing frantically, even if people are looking. Daily rituals of spontaneous physical activity are a sure way of bringing about a personal paradigm shift, from viewing our bodies as objects to viewing our bodies as tools to enact our subjectivity.
Suggested activity: parkour,”the physical discipline of training to overcome any obstacle within one’s path by adapting one’s movements to the environment,” can be done any time, anywhere. I especially enjoy jumping off bike racks between classes while I’m dressed in a suit.
2) Do at least one “embarrassing” action a day. Another healthy daily ritual that reinforces the idea that we don’t exist to only please others is to purposefully do at least one action that violates “ladylike” social norms. Discuss your period in public. Swing your arms a little too much when you walk. Open doors for everyone. Offer to help men carry things. Skip a lot. Galloping also works. Get comfortable with making others uncomfortable.
3) Focus on personal development that isn’t related to beauty culture. Since you’ve read Part 3 of this series and given up habitual body monitoring, body hatred and meaningless beauty rituals, you’ll have more time to develop yourself in meaningful ways. This means more time for education, reading, working out to build muscle and agility, dancing, etc. You’ll become a much more interesting person on the inside if you spend less time worrying about the outside.
4) Actively forgive yourself. A lifetime of body hatred and self-objectification is difficult to let go of, and if you find yourself falling into old habits of playing self-hating tapes, seeking male attention, or beating yourself up for not being pleasing, forgive yourself. It’s impossible to fully transcend the beauty culture game, since it’s so pervasive and part of our social DNA. When we fall into old traps, it’s important to recognize that, but then quickly move on through self forgiveness. We need all the cognitive space we can get for the next beauty culture assault on our mental health.


OUGD601 First Hand Research: Gender in Advertising




Responses:

Yes
1/6/2017 12:53 AM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/5/2017 8:25 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/5/2017 5:34 PM View respondent's answers
yes
1/5/2017 5:00 PM View respondent's answers
Yes and no - both mens and women advertisements, e.g.) clothing appeal to me - I just say 'fuck it' really and buy/wear whatever.
1/5/2017 10:21 AM View respondent's answers
Yes definitely
1/5/2017 2:12 AM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/5/2017 12:35 AM View respondent's answers
Yes, women seem to feature on most of the adverts that I watch or look at
1/5/2017 12:19 AM View respondent's answers
About average.
1/4/2017 10:59 PM View respondent's answers
Sexually
1/4/2017 7:20 PM View respondent's answers
ye
1/4/2017 7:11 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 7:06 PM View respondent's answers
Tes
1/4/2017 6:42 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 6:24 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 6:10 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 6:08 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 5:50 PM View respondent's answers
Not really
1/4/2017 5:38 PM View respondent's answers
No
1/4/2017 5:35 PM View respondent's answers
yes
1/4/2017 5:26 PM View respondent's answers
I don't pay much attention but yes I think so.
1/4/2017 4:50 PM View respondent's answers
Like eye candy for women
1/4/2017 4:41 PM View respondent's answers
yes
1/4/2017 4:40 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 4:38 PM View respondent's answers
yes, but for the male gaze mainly.
1/4/2017 4:35 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 4:24 PM View respondent's answers
No
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
I think advertisements are very split between male and female with products being focused at a certain target market so both genders are represented.
1/4/2017 4:18 PM View respondent's answers

Positive:

Strength in women is starting to be shown, sometimes
1/5/2017 10:21 AM View respondent's answers
Because it is so frequently featured rather than other genders which don't get the same representation. Its more normalised, so it never feels like I am alienated or not involved.
1/5/2017 2:12 AM View respondent's answers
I love being a woman and love the fact that were represented in a positive light. I take no issue with women on adverts being too skinny or not this or not that, I just like seeing differ t women of different ages and races on my TV or magazines
1/5/2017 12:19 AM View respondent's answers
Always strong and manly
1/4/2017 6:08 PM View respondent's answers
Aimed at girly girls
1/4/2017 4:38 PM View respondent's answers
The media is starting to portray women as strong
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers

Negative:
Still a long long way to go
1/5/2017 10:21 AM View respondent's answers
I.e sanitary products
1/5/2017 12:35 AM View respondent's answers
The trend seems to be that straight males are the enemy. Then these people complain that said guys don't take kindly to be accused of this.
1/4/2017 10:59 PM View respondent's answers
Females are sexualised in the media which can make me feel inferior as a less feminine/ 'beautiful' and still heterosexual female
1/4/2017 7:06 PM View respondent's answers
Women often scantily clad. Do we need this to sell things??
1/4/2017 6:42 PM View respondent's answers
Have to be strong and manly
1/4/2017 6:08 PM View respondent's answers
yes
1/4/2017 5:35 PM View respondent's answers
women are the weaker sex
1/4/2017 4:40 PM View respondent's answers
Overtly sexualised, portrayed as needing a man
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers

Both:
There can be both positive, empowering portrayals or women. Or there can be negative and degrading ones too
1/6/2017 12:53 AM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/5/2017 8:25 PM View respondent's answers
Women are featured in a way that seems positive but really it enforces standards that women cannot possibly live up to.
1/5/2017 5:34 PM View respondent's answers
Some may be possitive/powerful woman but sometime portrayed as an object
1/5/2017 5:00 PM View respondent's answers
Both
1/4/2017 7:20 PM View respondent's answers
because men are represented to be strong and independent, and dominant
1/4/2017 7:11 PM View respondent's answers
There is some unrealistic images of women in advertising
1/4/2017 6:24 PM View respondent's answers
both
1/4/2017 6:10 PM View respondent's answers
There is some examples of positive, Dove advert, powerful women roles in film are appearing more and more often. But it's mostly negative, the housewife, the whore or the bore.
1/4/2017 5:50 PM View respondent's answers
positive - attractiveness, female strength (more so now than before). negative - being an object, still stuck in female stereotypes of mother at home, feeble etc. (thinking mainly within advertisements here)
1/4/2017 5:26 PM View respondent's answers
Hyper sexualised adverts which can be a positive for motivation but can also make people feel depressed about the way that they lo look etc
1/4/2017 4:41 PM View respondent's answers
depends what it's selling, mainly negative
1/4/2017 4:35 PM View respondent's answers
Traditional and outdated female stereotypes are still present across advertising which can sometimes be negative (eg Lynx ads where women are unable to resist men, or cleaning products painting the picture of a doting housewife and mother). However advertising is undertaking a change and projecting a more progressive view of women and girls, like the This Girl Can adverts, and Pantene - strong is beautiful campaign
1/4/2017 4:24 PM View respondent's answers
changes in perspective towards accepting genders and breaking sterotype. But also can be negative due to playing on insecurity.
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
Yes
1/4/2017 4:18 PM View respondent's answers



Responses:

I think they're great, the majority of products should be gender neutral considering all genders often use them
1/6/2017 12:53 AM View respondent's answers
I think they're great, most things don't need to be gendered
1/5/2017 8:25 PM View respondent's answers
I think that this is the way forward. Products should not be gendered, even things seen as 'feminine only' such as sanitary items can be needed by women, trans people and non binary people.
1/5/2017 5:34 PM View respondent's answers
There should be more
1/5/2017 5:00 PM View respondent's answers
Love it
1/5/2017 10:21 AM View respondent's answers
I'm a fan
1/5/2017 2:12 AM View respondent's answers
Positive
1/5/2017 12:35 AM View respondent's answers
I like them, I use a lot of products that are gender neutral
1/5/2017 12:19 AM View respondent's answers
Better than typical blue or pink branding. Which is the easy way out.
1/4/2017 10:59 PM View respondent's answers
I think it's a way forward so no one feels excluded
1/4/2017 7:20 PM View respondent's answers
grooming products, necklaces, socks,
1/4/2017 7:11 PM View respondent's answers
I choose products based on how well they do the job, eg men's razors are far better than females. I cannot think of an example of a brilliant gender neutral product but I do believe them to be a great idea
1/4/2017 7:06 PM View respondent's answers
I have no problem with this. It depends what the product is.
1/4/2017 6:42 PM View respondent's answers
There isn't any issue with them
1/4/2017 6:24 PM View respondent's answers
Good idea
1/4/2017 6:10 PM View respondent's answers
Aslong as the product serves a purpose for both genders and not just targeted for the sake of gender neutralism
1/4/2017 6:08 PM View respondent's answers
I think there should be much more of them! Its so un-nessacery to gender everything, some places just make a pink version and call it the women version.
1/4/2017 5:50 PM View respondent's answers
Shouldn't be perceived any differently
1/4/2017 5:38 PM View respondent's answers
Helpful within mixed gender households
1/4/2017 5:35 PM View respondent's answers
fab! i think some products can be already made gender neutral eg hoodies, t shirts, deoderant
1/4/2017 5:26 PM View respondent's answers
I don't see why it shouldn't be the norm. Especially shampoo razors etc
1/4/2017 4:50 PM View respondent's answers
Think it's a better idea as products for women cost more for the same thing essentially
1/4/2017 4:41 PM View respondent's answers
great
1/4/2017 4:40 PM View respondent's answers
Would buy but wouldn't be bothered if they weren't available
1/4/2017 4:38 PM View respondent's answers
i think most products should be for anyone and not label what gender should buy it.
1/4/2017 4:35 PM View respondent's answers
I think with the exception of a few products, all products should avoid using gender to market themselves as they are limiting their audience by utilising obsolete stereotypes such as boys should wear blue and girls should play with pink toys.
1/4/2017 4:24 PM View respondent's answers
I think that they are helping bring down barriers of harmful stereotypes
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
Not enough to be honest. Over all good.
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
They're a good idea
1/4/2017 4:18 PM View respondent's answers



Responses:

All products I use should be classed as gender neutral (apart from feminine hygene products), although they certainly aren't advertised this way. Things like toothpaste, even pens, should all be gender neutral, but marketing campaigns seem to think differently
1/6/2017 12:53 AM View respondent's answers
Toothpaste
1/5/2017 8:25 PM View respondent's answers
Now that you've asked, not really. Some brands of hygiene products like shower gel or toothpaste.
1/5/2017 5:34 PM View respondent's answers
Deorderent, shampoo/conditioner
1/5/2017 5:00 PM View respondent's answers
Body spray, facial scrub, socks, t shirts
1/5/2017 10:21 AM View respondent's answers
Natural Source, Jo Malone feels slightly neutral but has different sections for men which could be avoided due to the typeface and colours used in their brand. Perricone MD make up has a neutral feel as it's quite clinical rather than just feminine.
1/5/2017 2:12 AM View respondent's answers
Shampoo
1/5/2017 12:35 AM View respondent's answers
Lush products that I have used are gender neutral and other care products
1/5/2017 12:19 AM View respondent's answers
I'd like to but I can't think of any off the top of my head
1/4/2017 7:20 PM View respondent's answers
razors, moisturisers,
1/4/2017 7:11 PM View respondent's answers
Natural source body washes do not seem to target a specified gender audience and do a lovely job.
1/4/2017 7:06 PM View respondent's answers
Cologne
1/4/2017 6:42 PM View respondent's answers
shampoo, shower gel, disposable razors
1/4/2017 6:10 PM View respondent's answers
Some of the products I use may be aimed at both genders but I wouldn't know off the top of my head
1/4/2017 6:08 PM View respondent's answers
Lush, Clothing I think most skate brands ect are quite gender neutral.
1/4/2017 5:50 PM View respondent's answers
Household items
1/4/2017 5:38 PM View respondent's answers
Deodorant toothpaste
1/4/2017 5:35 PM View respondent's answers
no sorry.
1/4/2017 5:26 PM View respondent's answers
No
1/4/2017 4:50 PM View respondent's answers
Shampoo
1/4/2017 4:41 PM View respondent's answers
no
1/4/2017 4:40 PM View respondent's answers
No
1/4/2017 4:38 PM View respondent's answers
mainly clothing
1/4/2017 4:35 PM View respondent's answers
Trick question as most are gender neutral it is just how they are positioned in the market that attaches a gender to a product. the electricals I use are the only objects I can think of that are truly represented as gender neutral - eg my laptop and my iPhone
1/4/2017 4:24 PM View respondent's answers
I use a lot of lush cosmetics which aren't really marketed towards either gender.
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
Lush
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
No
1/4/2017 4:18 PM View respondent's answers



Responses:

I don't often buy these magazines, but when I do, I buy ones such as cosmopolitan or grazia. I like the content and they often contain articles on asked on humanitarian and feminist issues which I'm really passionate about
1/6/2017 12:53 AM View respondent's answers
Non gossipy content. Interesting articles, e.g. Travel magazines
1/5/2017 8:25 PM View respondent's answers
The content, is it about something I enjoy? i.e. Art/photography/science, also the imagery.
1/5/2017 5:34 PM View respondent's answers
Editorial imagery, fashion, models and type.
1/5/2017 2:12 AM View respondent's answers
Content
1/5/2017 12:35 AM View respondent's answers
The stories on the cover, if they're gripping or relevant to something I've heard of, ill buy them
1/5/2017 12:19 AM View respondent's answers
Content and design.
1/4/2017 10:59 PM View respondent's answers
Mainly the content
1/4/2017 7:20 PM View respondent's answers
the content, the reputation
1/4/2017 7:11 PM View respondent's answers
The content
1/4/2017 7:06 PM View respondent's answers
Both content and imagery
1/4/2017 6:42 PM View respondent's answers
Good stories
1/4/2017 6:24 PM View respondent's answers
firstly the cover, then the content
1/4/2017 6:10 PM View respondent's answers
N/a
1/4/2017 6:08 PM View respondent's answers
Content mainly, I would be put off a magazine if it was 'gendered'.
1/4/2017 5:50 PM View respondent's answers
Imagery
1/4/2017 5:38 PM View respondent's answers
imagery first, and then the content. i also like a more upmarket aesthetic, not those 90p radio times inserts you find (which can be hilarious sometimes but i'd never pay money for them)
1/4/2017 5:26 PM View respondent's answers
Both.it had to look good to catch my eye then I read the content
1/4/2017 4:50 PM View respondent's answers
N/A
1/4/2017 4:41 PM View respondent's answers
stories and content on the front page as it's the first thing i see
1/4/2017 4:40 PM View respondent's answers
Images and content
1/4/2017 4:38 PM View respondent's answers
content
1/4/2017 4:35 PM View respondent's answers
Content - if I wish to learn about a subject or read into something further I'll look at magazines.
1/4/2017 4:24 PM View respondent's answers
The content mainly, as well as the styling.
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
Content, quality and imagery. Depends also on what specifically 'genre' wise I am looking at
1/4/2017 4:19 PM View respondent's answers
If it's bright and grabs my attention as well as headlines which bet my attention
1/4/2017 4:18 PM View respondent's answers